The following chart shows the main trade goods from each of the 13 Colonies for comprehensive facts and info refer to Colonial Times. The English policy of Salutary Neglect initially allowed the colonists to flout, or violate, the laws associated with trade. But after the French Indian Wars Britain needed to clear her massive war debts so trade laws were enforced and new taxes on goods were imposed on the American colonies.
Neither would gold and silver flow out of the colonies for much needed manufactured goods.
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However, Colonists brought in much more than they sent out so, the balance of trade was in England's favor. England also prospered because the raw materials from the colonies were used to make different products in England - finished goods have a higher value than raw materials. Add to this the duties taxes collected by England on goods imposed by the Navigation Acts, the Sugar Act, the Townshend Acts and the Tea Act it becomes clear why the American Revolution was inevitable.
The reasons the Triangular Trade ended were:. The trade fell into the three categories: The raw materials and natural resources such as sugar, tobacco, rice and cotton that were found in the 13 colonies - also refer to Colonialism Manufactured products from England and Europe such as guns, cloth, beads Slaves from West Africa, many of whom toiled in the Slave Plantations Triangular Trade Route Map. American Colonies Index.
Salutary Neglect. The trade fell into the three categories: The raw materials and natural resources such as sugar, tobacco, rice and cotton that were found in the 13 colonies - also refer to Colonialism Manufactured products from England and Europe such as guns, cloth, beads Slaves from West Africa, many of whom toiled in the Slave Plantations. Triangular Trade Route Map. Chart showing Goods traded by the 13 Colonies.
Name of Colony or Settlement. Trade and Economic Activity. Virginia Colony.
Transatlantic trade
New York Colony. Fur Trade, Flour, Timber, Iron ore products. Massachusetts Colony. New England. Maryland Colony.
Rhode Island Colony. Ship building, Rum exports, Timber, Corn. Connecticut Colony.
Atlantic slave trade - Wikipedia
Ship building, Flour, Fish, Rum. New Hampshire Colony. Ship building, Rum exports. Delaware Colony. Fur, timber, Iron ore products. North Carolina Colony. South Carolina Colony. New Jersey Colony. Agriculture, Iron ore products. Pennsylvania Colony. In addition to African persons, indigenous peoples of the Americas were trafficked through Atlantic trade routes. The work The Doings and Sufferings of the Christian Indians , for example, documents English colonial prisoners of war not, in fact, opposing combatants, but imprisoned members of English-allied forces being enslaved and sent to Caribbean destinations.
By , Russian colonists noted that "Boston" U. Punishing slaves at Calabouco, in Rio de Janeiro , c. Recently bought slaves in Brazil on their way to the farms of the landowners who bought them c. Risks—maritime and commercial—were important for individual voyages. Investors mitigated it by buying small shares of many ships at the same time. In that way, they were able to diversify a large part of the risk away.
Between voyages, ship shares could be freely sold and bought. By far the most financially profitable West Indian colonies in belonged to the United Kingdom.
After entering the sugar colony business late, British naval supremacy and control over key islands such as Jamaica , Trinidad , the Leeward Islands and Barbados and the territory of British Guiana gave it an important edge over all competitors; while many British did not make gains, a handful of individuals made small fortunes. This advantage was reinforced when France lost its most important colony, St. Domingue western Hispaniola, now Haiti , to a slave revolt in [] and supported revolts against its rival Britain, in the name of liberty after the French revolution.
Before , British sugar had to be protected to compete against cheaper French sugar. After , the British islands produced the most sugar, and the British people quickly became the largest consumers. West Indian sugar became ubiquitous as an additive to Indian tea. It has been estimated that the profits of the slave trade and of West Indian plantations created up to one-in-twenty of every pound circulating in the British economy at the time of the Industrial Revolution in the latter half of the 18th century. Historian Walter Rodney has argued that at the start of the slave trade in the 16th century, although there was a technological gap between Europe and Africa, it was not very substantial.
Both continents were using Iron Age technology. The major advantage that Europe had was in ship building. During the period of slavery, the populations of Europe and the Americas grew exponentially, while the population of Africa remained stagnant. Rodney contended that the profits from slavery were used to fund economic growth and technological advancement in Europe and the Americas. Based on earlier theories by Eric Williams, he asserted that the industrial revolution was at least in part funded by agricultural profits from the Americas.
He cited examples such as the invention of the steam engine by James Watt , which was funded by plantation owners from the Caribbean. Other historians have attacked both Rodney's methodology and accuracy. Joseph C. Miller has argued that the social change and demographic stagnation which he researched on the example of West Central Africa was caused primarily by domestic factors. Joseph Inikori provided a new line of argument, estimating counterfactual demographic developments in case the Atlantic slave trade had not existed.
Patrick Manning has shown that the slave trade did have a profound impact on African demographics and social institutions, but criticized Inikori's approach for not taking other factors such as famine and drought into account, and thus being highly speculative. No scholars dispute the harm done to the enslaved people but the effect of the trade on African societies is much debated, due to the apparent influx of goods to Africans. Proponents of the slave trade, such as Archibald Dalzel , argued that African societies were robust and not much affected by the trade.
In the 19th century, European abolitionists , most prominently Dr. David Livingstone , took the opposite view, arguing that the fragile local economy and societies were being severely harmed by the trade. Because the negative effects of slavery on the economies of Africa have been well documented, namely the significant decline in population, some African rulers likely saw an economic benefit from trading their subjects with European slave traders.
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With the exception of Portuguese-controlled Angola, coastal African leaders "generally controlled access to their coasts, and were able to prevent direct enslavement of their subjects and citizens". The Kingdom of Benin, for instance, participated in the African slave trade, at will, from to , surprising Dutch traders, who had not expected to buy slaves in Benin. Such benefits included military technology specifically guns and gunpowder , gold, or simply maintaining amicable trade relationships with European nations. The slave trade was, therefore, a means for some African elites to gain economic advantages.
Many West African countries also already had a tradition of holding slaves, which was expanded into trade with Europeans. The Atlantic trade brought new crops to Africa and also more efficient currencies which were adopted by the West African merchants.
This can be interpreted as an institutional reform which reduced the cost of doing business. But the developmental benefits were limited as long as the business including slaving. Both Thornton and Fage contend that while African political elite may have ultimately benefited from the slave trade, their decision to participate may have been influenced more by what they could lose by not participating. Historian Eric Williams in argued that the profits that Britain received from its sugar colonies, or from the slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean, contributed to the financing of Britain's industrial revolution.
However, he says that by the time of the abolition of the slave trade in , and the emancipation of the slaves in , the sugar plantations of the British West Indies had lost their profitability, and it was in Britain's economic interest to emancipate the slaves. Other researchers and historians have strongly contested what has come to be referred to as the "Williams thesis" in academia. However, each of these works focus primarily on the slave trade or the Industrial Revolution, and not the main body of the Williams thesis, which was on sugar and slavery itself.
Therefore, they do not refute the main body of the Williams thesis. Seymour Drescher and Robert Anstey argue the slave trade remained profitable until the end, and that moralistic reform, not economic incentive, was primarily responsible for abolition. They say slavery remained profitable in the s because of innovations in agriculture.
However, Drescher's Econocide wraps up its study in , and does not address the majority of the Williams thesis, which covers the decline of the sugar plantations after , the emancipation of the slaves in the s, and the subsequent abolition of sugar duties in the s. These arguments do not refute the main body of the Williams thesis, which presents economic data to show that the slave trade was minor compared to the wealth generated by sugar and slavery itself in the British Caribbean.
Karl Marx , in his influential economic history of capitalism, Das Kapital , wrote that " He argued that the slave trade was part of what he termed the "primitive accumulation" of capital, the 'non-capitalist' accumulation of wealth that preceded and created the financial conditions for Britain's industrialisation. The demographic effects of the slave trade is a controversial and highly debated issue.
Although scholars such as Paul Adams and Erick D. Langer have estimated that sub-Saharan Africa represented about 18 percent of the world's population in and only 6 percent in , [] the reasons for this demographic shift have been the subject of much debate. In addition to the depopulation Africa experienced because of the slave trade, African nations were left with severely imbalanced gender ratios, with females comprising up to 65 percent of the population in hard-hit areas such as Angola.